The phrase "the hero's journey", used in reference to Campbell's monomyth, first entered into popular discourse through two documentaries. Omry Ronen referred to Vyacheslav Ivanov's treatment of Dionysus as an "avatar of Christ" (1904) as "Ivanov's monomyth". Campbell's singular the monomyth implies that the "hero's journey" is the ultimate narrative archetype, but the term monomyth has occasionally been used more generally, as a term for a mythological archetype or a supposed mytheme that re-occurs throughout the world's cultures. Campbell was a notable scholar of Joyce's work and in A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944) co-authored the seminal analysis of Joyce's final novel. According to Robert Segal, "The theories of Rank, Campbell, and Raglan typify the array of analyses of hero myths." Terminology Ĭampbell borrowed the word monomyth from James Joyce's Finnegans Wake (1939). Both Rank and Raglan have lists of cross-cultural traits often found in the accounts of mythical heroes and discuss hero narrative patterns in terms of Freudian psychoanalysis and ritualism. In narratology and comparative mythology, others have proposed narrative patterns such as psychoanalyst Otto Rank in 1909 and amateur anthropologist Lord Raglan in 1936. The study of hero myth narratives can be traced back to 1871 with anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor's observations of common patterns in the plots of heroes' journeys. 9.2 Narratology and writing instructionsįurther information: Rank–Raglan mythotype.6 Feminist literature and female heroines within the monomyth.4.3.4 The Crossing of the Return Threshold.4.1.4 The Crossing of the First Threshold.In his famous book The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949), he describes the narrative pattern as follows:Ī hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man.Ĭampbell's theories regarding the concept of a "monomyth" have been the subject of criticism from scholars, particularly folklorists (scholars active in folklore studies), who have dismissed the concept as a non-scholarly approach suffering from source-selection bias, among other criticisms.
Campbell used the monomyth to analyze and compare religions. Eventually, hero myth pattern studies were popularized by Joseph Campbell, who was influenced by Carl Jung's analytical psychology. In narratology and comparative mythology, the hero's journey, or the monomyth, is the common template of stories that involve a hero who goes on an adventure, is victorious in a decisive crisis, and comes home changed or transformed.Įarlier figures had proposed similar concepts, including psychologist Otto Rank and amateur anthropologist Lord Raglan.
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